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These are the rules that govern the proceedings in the International Tribunal for Crimes in the Former Yugoslavia.
UNITED NATIONS
International Tribune for the Prosecution of Persons
Responsible for Serious Violations of International
Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Former
Yugoislavia since 1991
3 May 1995
Sixth Session
The Hague
The Netherlands
1-3 May 1991
RULES OF PROCEDURE AND EVIDENCE
(ADOPTED ON 11 FEBRUARY 1994)
(AS AMENDED 5 MAY 1994)
(AS FURTHER AMENDED 4 OCTOBER 1994)
(AS REVISED 30 JANUARY 1995)
(AS AMENDED 3 MAY 1995)
CONTENTS
PART
One GENERAL PROVISIONS
Rule 1 Entry into Force
Rule 2 Definitions
Rule 3 Languages
Rule 4 Meetings away from the Seat of the Tribunal Rule 5
Non-compliance with Rules Rule 6 Amendment of the Rules
Rule 7 Authentic Texts
Two PRIMACY OF THE TRIBUNAL
Rule 8 Request for Information
Rule 9 Prosecutor's Request for Deferral Rule 10 Formal
Request for Deferral . . Rule 11 Non-compliance with a
Request fo Rule 12 Determinations of Courts of any Rule 13
Non Bis in Idem
ORGANIZATION OF THE TRIBUNAL
Section 1 The Judges
Rule 14 Solemn Declaration
Rule 15 Disqualification of Judges
Rule 16 Resignation
Rule 17 Precedence
Section 2 The Presidency
Rule 18 Election of the President
Rule 19 Functions of the President
Rule 20 The Vice-President
Rule 21 Functions of the Vice-President
Rule 22 Replacements
Section 3 Internal Functioning of the Tribunal
Rule 23 The Bureau
Rule 24 Plenary Meetings of the Tribunal Rule 25 Dates of
Plenary Sessions Rule 26 Quorum and Vote
Section 4 The Chambers
Rule 27 Rotation
Rule 28 Assignment to Review Indictments Rule 29
Deliberations
Section 5 The Registry
Rule 30 Appointment of the Registrar
Rule 31 Appointment of the Deputy Registrar and Registry
Staff Rule 32 Solemn Declaration Rule 33 Functions of the
Registrar Rule 34 Victims and Witnesses Unit Rule 35
Minutes Rule 36 Record Book
Section 6 The Prosecutor
Rule 37 Functions of the Prosecutor
Rule 38 Deputy Prosecutor
Part Four INVESTIGATIONS AND RIGHTS OF
SUSPECTS
Section 1 Investigations
Rule 39 Conduct of Investigations
Rule 40 Provisional Measures
Rule 41 Retention of Information
Rule 42 Rights of Suspects during Investigation Rule 43
Recording Questioning of Suspects
Section 2 Of Counsel
Rule 44 Appointment and Qualifications of Counsel Rule 45
Assignment of Counsel Rule 46 Misconduct of Counsel
Part Five PRE-TRIAL PROCEEDINGS
Section 1 Indictments
Rule 47 Submission of Indictment by the Prosecutor Rule 48
Joinder of Accused Rule 49 Joinder of Crimes Rule 50
Amendment of Indictment Rule 51 Withdrawal of Indictment
Rule 52 Public Character of Indictment Rule 53 Non-
disclosure
Section 2 Orders and Warrants
Rule 54 General Rule
Rule 55 Execution of Arrest Warrants
Rule 56 Cooperation of States
Rule 57 Procedure After Arrest
Rule 58 National Extradition Proceedings Rule 59 Failure to
Execute a Warrant Rule 60 Advertisement of Indictment Rule
61 Procedure in Case of Failure to Execute a Warrant Rule 62
Initial Appearance of Accused
Rule 63 Questioning of Accused
Rule 64 Detention on Remand
Rule 65 Provisional Release
Section 3 Production of Eviden
Rule 66
Disclosure by the Prosecutor
Rule 67 Reciprocal Disclosure
Rule 68 Disclosure of Exculpatory Evidence Rule 69
Protection of Victims and Witnesses Rule 70 Matters not
Subject to Disclosure
Section 4 Depositions
Rule 71 Depositions
Section 5 Preliminary Motions
Rule 72 GFeneral Provisions
Rule 73 Preliminary Motions by the Accused
Part 6 PROCEEDINGS BEFORE TRIAL CHAMBERS
Section 1 General Provisions
Rule 74 Amicus Curiae
Rule 75 Measures for the Protection of Victims and Witnesses
Rule 76 Solemn Declaration by Interpreters and Translators
Rule 77 Contempt of the Tribunal Rule 78 Open Sessions
Rule 79 Closed Sessions Rule 80 Control of Proceedings Rule
81 Records of Proceedings and Evidence
Section 2 Case Presentation
Rule 82 Joint and Separate Trials
Rule 83 Instruments of Restraint
Rule 84 Opening Statements
Rule 85 Presentation of Evidence
Rule 86 Closing Arguments
Rule 87 Deliberations
Rule 88 Judgement
Section 3 Rules of Evidence
Rule 89 General Provisions
Rule 90 Testimony of Witnesses
Rule 91 False Testimony under Solemn Declaration Rule 92
Confessions Rule 93 Evidence of Consistent Pattern of
Conduct Rule 94 Judicial Notice Rule 95 Evidence Obtained
by Means Contrary to Internationally Protected Human Rights
Rule 96 Evidence in Cases of Sexual Assault
Rule 97 Lawyer-Client Privilege
Rule 98 Power of Chambers to Order Production of
Additional Evidence
Section 4 Sentencing Procedure
Rule 99 Status of the Acquitted Perso
Rule 100 Pre-sentencing Procedure
Rule 101 Penalties
Rule 102 Status of the Convicted Person
Rule 103 Place of Imprisonment
Rule 104 Supervision of Imprisonment
Rule 105 Restitution of Property
Rule 106 Compensation to Victims
Seven APPELLATE PROCEEDINGS
Rule 107 General Provision
Rule 108 Notice of Appeal
Rule 109 Record on Appeal
Rule 110 Copies of Record
Rule 111 Appellant's Brief
Rule 112 Respondent's Brief
Rule 113 Brief in Reply
Rule 114 Date of Hearing
Rule 115 Additional Evidence
Rule 116 Extension of Time-limlts
Rule 116bis Expedited Appeals Procedure
Rule 117 Judgement on Appeal
Rule 118 Status of the Accused Following Appeal
REVIEW PROCEEDINGS
Rule 119 Request for Review
Rule 120 Preliminary Examinatlon
Rule 121 Appeals
Rule 122 Return of Case to Trial Chamber
PARDON AND COMMUTATION OF SENTENCE
Rule 123 Notification by States
Rule 124 Determination by the Presldent
Rule 125 General Standards for Granting Pardon or
Commutation
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Part One
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Rule 1
Entry into Force
These Rules of Procedure and Evidence, adopted pursuant to
Article 15 of the Statute of the Tribunal, shall come into force
on 14 March 1994.
Rule 2
Definitions
(A) In the Rules, unless the context otherwise requires,
following terms shall mean:
Rules: The Rules referred to in Rule 1;
Statute: The Statute of the Tribunal adopted Security Council
resolution 827 of 25 May 1993;
Tribunal: Tribunal for the The International Prosecution of
Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International
Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former
Yugoslavia since 1991, established by Security Council
resolution 827 of 25 May 1993.
Accused: A person against whom an indictment has been
submitted in accordance with Rule 47;
Arrest: The act of taking a suspect or an accused into custody
by a national authority;
Bureau: A body composed of the President, the Vice-
President and the Presiding Judges of the Trial Chambers;
Investigation: All activities undertaken by the Prosecutor
under the Statute and the Rules for the collection of
information and evidence;
Party: The Prosecutor or the accused:
President: The President of the Tribunal:
Prosecutor: The Prosecutor appointed pursuant to Article 16 of
the Statute;
Regulations: The provisions framed by the Prosecutor
pursuant to Sub-rule 37 (A) for the purpose of directing the
functions of his Office;
State: A State Member or non-Member of the United Nations
or a self-proclaimed entity de facto exercising governmental
functions, whether recoqnised as a State or not;
Suspect: A person concerning whom the Prosecutor possesses
reliable information which tends to show that he may have
committed a crime over which the Tribunal has jurisdiction;
Transaction: A number of acts or omissions whether occurring
as one event or a number of events, at the same or different
locations and being part of a common scheme, strategy or
plan;
Victim: A person against whom a crime over which the
Tribunal has jurisdiction has allegedly been committed.
(B) In the Rules, the masculine shall include the feminine and
the singular the plural, and vice-versa.
Rule 3
Languages
(A) The working languages of the Tribunal shall be English
and French.
(B) An accused shall have the right to use his own language.
(C) Any other person appearing before the Tribunal, other
than as counsel, who does not have sufficient knowledge of
either of the two working languages, may use his own
language.
(D) Counsel for an accused may apply to the Presiding Judge
of a Chamber for leave to use a language other than the two
working ones or the language of the accused. If such leave is
granted, the expenses of interpretation and translation shall be
borne by the Tribunal to the extent, if any, determined by the
President, taking into account the rights of the defence and the
interests of justice.
(E) The Registrar shall make any necessary arrangements for
interpretation and translation into and from the working
languages.
Rule 4
Meetings away from the Seat of the Tribunal
A Chamber may exercise its functions at a place other than the
seat of the Tribunal, if so authorised by the President in the
interests of justice.
Rule 5
Non-compliance with Rules
Any objection by a party to an act of another party on the
ground of non-compliance with the Rules or Regulations shall
be raised at the earliest opportunity; it shall be upheld, and the
act declared null, only if the act was inconsistent with the
fundamental principles of fairness and has occasioned a
miscarriaqe of justice.
Rule 6
Amendment of the Rules
(A) Proposals for amendment of the Rules may be made by a
Judge, the Prosecutor or the Registrar and shall be adopted if
agreed to by not less than seven Judges at a plenary meeting of
the Tribunal convened with notice of the proposal addressed
to all Judges.
(B) An amendment to the Rules may be otherwise adopted,
provided it is unanimously approved by the Judges.
(C) An amendment shall enter into force immediately, but
shall not operate to prejudice the rights of the accused in any
pending case.
Rule 7
Authentic Texts
The English and French texts of the Rules shall be equally
authentic. In case of discrepancy, the version which is more
consonant with the spirit of the Statute and the Rules shall
prevail.
Part Two
PRIMACY OF THE TRIBUNAL
Rule 8
Request for Information
Where it appears to the Prosecutor that a crime within the
jurisdiction of the Tribunal is or has been the subject of
investigations or criminal proceedings instituted in the courts
of any State, he may request the State to forward to him all
relevant information in that respect, and the State shall
transmit to him such information forthwith in accordance with
Article 29 of the Statute.
Rule 9
Prosecutor's Request for Deferral
Where it appears to the Prosecutor that in any such
lnvestigations or criminal proceedings instituted in the courts
of any State:
(i) the act being investigated or which is the subject of those
proceedings is characterized as an ordinary crime;
(ii) there is a lack of impartiality or independence, or the
investigations or proceedings are designed to shield the
accused from international criminal responsibility, or the case
is not diligently prosecuted; or
(iii) what is in issue is closely related to, or otherwise
involves, significant factual or legal questions which may
have implications for investigations or prosecutions before the
Tribunal,
the Prosecutor may propose to the Trial Chamber designated
by the President that a formal request be made that such court
defer to the competence of the Tribunal.
Rule 10
Formal Request for Deferral
(A) If it appears to the Trial Chamber seised of a proposal for
deferral that, on any of the grounds specified in Rule 9,
deferral is appropriate, the Trial Chamber may issue a formal
request to the State concerned that its court defer to the
competence of the Tribunal.
(B) A request for deferral shall include a request that the
results of the investigation and a copy of the court's records
and the judgement, if already delivered, be forwarded to the
Tribunal.
(C) Where deferral to the Tribunal has been requested by a
Trial Chamber, any subsequent trial shall be held before the
other Trial Chamber.
Rule 11
Non-compliance with a Request for Deferral
If, within sixty days after a request for deferral has been
notified by the Registrar to the State under whose jurisdiction
the investigations or criminal proceedings have been
instituted, the State fails to file a response which satisfies the
Trial Chamber that the State has taken or is taking adequate
steps to comply with the order, the Trial Chamber may request
the President to report the matter to the Security Council.
Rule 12
Determinations of Courts of any State
Subject to Article 10(2) of the Statute, determinations of
courts of any State are not binding on the Tribunal.
Rule 13
Non Bis in Idem
When the President receives reliable information to show that
criminal proceedings have been instituted against a person
before a court of any State for a crime for which that person
has already been tried by the Tribunal, a Trial Chamber shall,
following mutatis mutandis the procedure provided in Rule
10, issue a reasoned order requesting that court permanently to
discontinue its proceedings. If that court fails to do so, the
President may report the matter to the Security Council.
Part Three
ORGANIZATION OF THE TRIBUNAL
Section 1 The Judges
Rule 14
Solemn Declaration
(A) Before taking up his duties each Judge shall make the
following solemn declaration:
"I solemnly declare that I will perform my duties and exercise
my powers as a Judge of the Inlernational Tribunal for the
Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violatlons of
International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of
the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 honourably, faithfully,
impartially and conscientiously".
(B) The declaration, siqned by the Judqe and witnessed by the
Secretary-General of the United Nations or his representative,
shall be kept in the records of the Tribunal.
Rule 15
Disqualification of Judges
(A) A Judge may not sit on a trial or appeal in any case in
which he has a personal interest or concerning which he has or
has had any association which might affect his impartiality.
He shall in any such circumstance withdraw, and the President
shall assign another Judge to sit in his place.
(B) Any party may apply to the Presiding Judge of a Chamber
for the disqualification and withdrawal of a Judge of that
Chamber from a trial or appeal upon the above grounds. The
Presiding Judge shall confer with the Judge in question, and if
necessary the Bureau shall determine the matter. If the Bureau
upholds the application, the President shall assign another
Judge to sit in place of the disqualified Judge.
(C) The Judge of the Trial Chamber who reviews an
indictment against an accused, pursuant to Article 19 of the
Statute and Rule 47, shall not sit as a member of the Trial
Chamber for the trial of that accused.
(D) No member of the Appeals Chamber shall sit on any
appeal in a case in which he sat as a member of the Trial
Chamber.
(E) If a Judge is, for any reason, unable to continue sitting in a
part-heard case, the Presiding Judge may, if that inability
seems likely to be of short duration, adjourn the proceedings;
otherwise he shall report to the President who may assign
another Judge to the case and order either a rehearing or, with
the consent of the accused, continuation of the proceedings
from that point.
1 1
Rule 16
Resignation
A Judge who decides to resign shall communicate his
resignation in writing to the President who shall transmit it to
the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
Rule 17
Precedence
(A) All Judges are equal in
functions, regardless of
age or period of service.
the exercise of their judicial
dates of election, appointment,
(B) The Presiding Judges of the Trial Chambers shall take
precedence according to age after the President and the Vice-
President.
(C) Judges elected or appointed on different dates shall take
precedence according to the dates of their election or
appointment; Judges elected or appointed on the same date
shall take precedence according to age.
(D) In case of re-election, the total period of service as a Judge
of the Tribunal shall be taken into account.
12
Section 2 The Presidency
Rule 18
Election of the President
(A) The President shall be elected for a term of two years, or
such shorter term as shall coincide with the duration of his
term of office as a Judge. He may be re-elected once
(B) If the President ceases to be a member of the Tribunal or
resigns his office before the expiration of his term, the Judges
shall elect from among their number a successor for the
remainder of the term.
(C) The President shall be elected by a majority of the votes of
the Judges composing the Tribunal. If no Judge obtains such a
majority, the second ballot shall be limited to the two Judges
who obtained the greatest number of votes on the first ballot.
In the case of equality of votes on the second ballot, the Judge
who takes precedence in accordance with Rule 17 shall be
declared elected.
Rule 19
Functions of the President
The President shall preside at all plenary meetings of the
Tribunal; he shall coordinate the work of the Chambers and
supervlse the activities of the Registry as well as exercise all
the other functions conferred on him by the Statute and the
Rules.
Rule 20
The Vice-President
(A) The Vice-President shall be elected for a term of two
years, or such shorter term as shall coincide with the duration
of his term of office as a Judge. He may be re- elected once.
(B) The Vice-President may sit as a member of a Trial
Chamber or of the Appeals Chamber.
(C) Sub-rules 18(B) and (C) shall apply mutatis mutandis to
the Vice-President.
Rule 21
Functions of the Vice-President
Subject to Sub-rule 22(B), the Vice-President shall exercise
the functions of the President in case of his absence or
inability to act.
Rule 22
Replacements
(A) If neither the President nor the Vice-President can carry
out the functions of the President, these shall be assumed by
the senior Judge, determined in accordance with Rule 17.
(B) If the President is unable to exercise his functions as
Presiding Judge of the Appeals Chamber, that Chamber shall
elect a Presiding Judge from among its number.
14
Section 3 Internal Functioning of the Tribunal
Rule 23
The Bureau
(A) The Bureau shall be composed of the President, the Vice-
President and the Presiding Judges of the Trial Chambers.
(B) The President shall consult the other members of the
Bureau on all major questions relating to the functioning of
the Tribunal.
(C) A Judge may draw the attention of any member of the
Bureau to issues that in his opinion ought to be discussed by
the Bureau or submitted to a plenary meeting of the Tribunal.
Rule 24
Plenary Meetings of the Tribunal
The Judges shall meet in plenary to:
(i) elect the President and Vice-President;
(ii) adopt and amend the Rules;
(iii) adopt the Annual Report provided for in Article 34 of the
Statute;
(iv) decide upon matters relating to the internal functioning of
the Chambers and the Tribunal;
(v) determine or supervise the conditions of detention;
(vi) exercise any other functions provided for in the Statute or
in the Rules.
Rule 25
Dates of Plenary Sessions
(A) The dates of the plenary sessions of the Tribunal shall
normally be agreed upon in July of each year for the followinq
calendar year.
(B) Other plenary meetings shall be convened by the President
if so requested by at least six Judges, and may be convened
whenever the exercise of his functions under the Statute or the
Rules so requires.
Rule 26
Quorum and vote
(A) The quorum for each plenary meeting of the Tribunal shall
be seven Judges.
(B) Subject to Sub-rules 6(A) and (B) and Sub-rule 18(C), the
decisions of the plenary meetings of the Tribunal shall be
taken by the majority of the Judges present. In the event of an
equality of votes, the President or the Judge who acts in his
place shall have a casting vote.
16
Section 4 The Chambers
Rule 27
Rotation
(A) Judges shall rotate on a regular basis between the Trial
Chambers and the Appeals Chamber. Rotation shall take into
account the efficient disposal of cases.
(B) The Judges shall take their places in their new Chamber as
soon as the President thinks it convenient, having regard to the
disposal of part-heard cases.
(C) The President may at any time temporarily assign a
member of a Trial Chamber or of the Appeals Chamber to
another Chamber.
Rule 28
Assignment to Review Indictments
The President shall, in July of each year and after consultation
with the Judges, assign for each month of the next calendar
year one Judge from each Trial Chamber as the Judges to
whom indictments shall be transmitted for review under Rule
47, and shall publish the list of assignments.
Rule 29
Deliberations
The deliberations of the Chambers shall take place in private
and remain secret.
17
Section 5 The Registry
Rule 30
Appointment of the Registrar
The President shall seek the opinion of the Judges on the
candidates for the post of Registrar, before consulting with the
Secretary-General of the United Nations pursuant to Article
17(3) of the Statute.
Rule 31
Appointment of the Deputy Registrar and Registry Staff
The Registrar, after consultation with the Bureau, shall make
his recommendations to the Secretary-General of the United
Nations for the appointment of the Deputy Registrar and other
Registry staff.
Rule 32
Solemn Declaration
(A) Before taking up his duties, the Registrar shall make the
following declaration before the President:
"I solemnly declare that I will perform the duties incumbent
upon me as Registrar of the International Tribunal for the
Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of
International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of
the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 in all loyalty, discretion
and good conscience and that I will faithfully observe all the
provisions of the
18
Statute and the Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the
Tribunal".
(B) Before taking up his duties, the Deputy Registrar shall
make a similar declaration before the President.
(C) Every staff member of the Registry shall make a similar
declaration before the Registrar.
Rule 33
Functions of the Registrar
The Registrar shall assist the Chambers, the plenary meetings
of the Tribunal, the Judges and the Prosecutor in the
performance of their functions. Under the authority of the
President, he shall be responsible for the administration and
servicing of the Tribunal and shall serve as its channel of
communication.
Rule 34
victims and Witnesses Unit
(A) There shall be set up under the authority of the Registrar a
victims and witnesses Unit consisting of qualified staff to:
(i) recommend protective measures for victims and witnesses
in accordance with Article 22 of the Statute; and
(ii) provide counselling and support for them, in particular in
cases of rape and sexual assault.
1 9
(B) Due consideration shall be given, in the appointment of
staff, to the employment of qualified women.
Rule 35
Minutes
Except where a full record is made under Rule 81, the
Registrar, or Registry staff designated by him, shall take
minutes of the plenary meetings of the Tribunal and of the
sittings of the Chambers, other than private deliberations.
Rule 36
Record Book
The Registrar shall keep a Record Book which shall list,
subject to Rule 53, all the particulars of each case brought
before the Tribunal. The Record Book shall be open to the
public.
Section 6 The Prosecutor
Rule 37
Functions of the Prosecutor
(A) The Prosecutor shall perform all the functions provided by
the Statute in accordance with the Rules and such Regulations,
consistent with the Statute and the Rules, as may be framed by
him. Any alleged inconsistency in the Regulations shall be
brought to the attention of the Bureau to whose opinion the
Prosecutor shall defer.
(B) His powers under Parts Four to Eight of the Rules may be
exercised by staff members of the Office of the Prosecutor
authorised by him, or by any person acting under his direction.
Rule 38
Deputy Prosecutor
(A) The Prosecutor shall make his recommendations to the
Secretary-General of the United Nations for the appointment
of a Deputy Prosecutor.
(B) The Deputy Prosecutor shall exercise the functions of the
Prosecutor in the event of his absence or inability to act or
upon the Prosecutor's express instructions.
21
Part Four
INVESTIGATIONS AND RIGHTS OF SUSPECTS
Section 1 Investigations
Rule 39
Conduct of Investigations
In the conduct of an investigation, the Prosecutor may:
(i) summon and question suspects, victims and witnesses and
record their statements, collect evidence and conduct on-site
investiqations;
(ii) undertake such other matters as may appear necessary for
completing the investigation and the preparation and conduct
of the prosecution at the trial, including the taking of special
measures to provide for the safety of potential witnesses and
informants:
(iii) seek, to that end, the assistance of any State authority
concerned, as well as of any relevant international body
including the International Criminal Police Organization
(INTERPOL)i and
(iv) request such orders as may be necessary from a Trial
Chamber or a Judge.
Rule 40
Provisional Measures
In case of urgency, the Prosecutor may request any State:
(i) to arrest a suspect provisionallY;
(ii) to seize physical evidence;
(iii) to take all necessary measures to prevent the escape of a
suspect or an accused, injury to or intimidation of a victim or
witness, or the destruction of evidence.
The State concerned shall comply forthwith, in accordance
with Article 29 of the Statute.
Rule 41
Retention of Information
The Prosecutor shall be responsible for the retention, storage
and security of information and physical evidence obtained in
the course of his investigations.
Rule 42
Rights of Suspects during Investigation
(A) A suspect who is to be questioned by the Prosecutor shall
have the following rights, of which he shall be informed by
the Prosecutor prior to questioning, in a language he
speaks and understands:
(i) the right to be assisted by counsel of his choice or to have
legal assistance assigned to him without payment if he does
not have sufficient means to pay for it;
(ii) the right to have the free assistance of an interpreter if he
cannot understand or speak the language to be used for
questioning; and
(iii) the right to remain silent, and to be cautioned that any
statement he makes shall be recorded and may be used in
evidence.
(B) Questioning of a suspect shall not proceed without the
presence of counsel unless the suspect has voluntarily waived
his right to counsel. In case of waiver, if the suspect
subsequently expresses a desire to have counsel, questioning
shall thereupon cease, and shall only resume when the suspect
has obtained or has been assigned counsel.
Rule 43
Recording Questioning of Suspects
Whenever the Prosecutor questions a suspect, the questioning
shall be tape-recorded or video-recorded, in accordance with
the following procedure:
(i) the suspect shall be informed in a language he speaks and
understands that the questioning is being tape-recorded or
video-recorded;
(ii) in the event of a break in the course of the questioning, the
fact and the time of the break shall be recorded before tape-
recording or video- recording ends and the time of resumption
of the questioning shall also be recorded;
(iii) at the conclusion of the questioning the suspect shall be
offered the opportunity to clarify anything he has said, and to
add anything he may wish, the time of conclusion shall be
recorded;
and
(iv) the tape shall then be transcribed as soon as practicable
after the conclusion of questioning and a copy of the transcript
supplied to the suspect, together with a copy of the recorded
tape or, multiple recording apparatus was used, one of the
original recorded tapes; and
(v) after a copy has been made, if necessary, of the recorded
tape for purposes of transcription, the original recorded tape or
one of the original tapes shall be sealed in the presence of the
suspect under the signature of the Prosecutor and the suspect.
Section 2 Of Counsel
Rule 44
Appointment and Qualifications of Counsel
Counsel engaged by a suspect or an accused shall file his
power of attorney with the Registrar at the earliest
opportunity. A counsel shall be considered qualified to
represent a suspect or accused if he satisfies the Registrar that
he is admitted to the practice of law in a State, or is a
University professor of law.
Rule 45
Assignment of Counsel
(A) A list of counsel who speak one or both of the working
languages of the Tribunal, meet the requirements of Rule 44
and have indicated their willingness to be assigned by the
Tribunal to indigent suspects or accused, shall be kept by the
Registrar.
(B) The criteria for determination of indigency shall be
established by the Registrar and approved by the Judges.
(C) In assigning counsel to an indigent suspect or accused, the
following procedure shall be observed:
(i) a request for assignment of counsel shall be made to the
Registrar;
(ii) the Registrar shall enquire into the means of the suspect or
accused and determine whether the criteria of indigency are
met;
(iii) if he decides that the criteria are met, he shall assign
counsel from the list; if he decides to the contrary, he shall
inform the suspect or accused that the request is refused.
(D) If a request is refused, a further request may be made by a
suspect or an accused to the Registrar upon showing a change
in circumstances.
(E) The Registrar shall, in consultation with the Judges,
establish the criteria for the payment of fees to assigned
counsel.
(F) If a suspect or an accused elects to conduct his own
defence, he shall so notify the Registrar in writing at the first
opportunity.
(G) Where an alleged indigent person is subsequently found
not to be indigent, the Chamber may mlake an order of
contribution to recover the cost of providing counsel.
Rule 46
Misconduct of Counsel
(A) A Chamber may, after a warning, refuse audience to
counsel if, in its opinion, his conduct is offensive, abusive or
otherwise obstructs the proper conduct of the proceedings.
(B) A Judge or a Chamber may also, with the approval of the
President, communicate any misconduct of counsel to the
p:rofessional body regulating the conduct of counsel in his
State of admission or, if a professor and not otherwise
admitted to the profession, to the governing body of his
University.
Part Five
PRE-TRIAL PROCEEDINGS
Section 1 Indictments
Rule 47
Submission of Indictment by the Prosecutor
(A) I_ in the course of an investigation the Prosecutor is
satisfied that there is sufficient evidence to provide reasonable
grounds for believing that a suspect has committed a crime
within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal, he shall prepare and
forward to the Registrar an indictment for confirmation by a
Judge, together with supporting material.
(B) The indictment shall set forth the name and particulars of
the suspect, and a concise statement of the facts of the case
and of the crime with which the suspect is charged.
(C) The Registrar shall forward the indictment and
accompanying material to one of the Judges currently assigned
under Rule 28, who will inform the Prosecutor of the date
fixed for review of the indictment.
28
hear the
(D) On reviewing the indictment, the Judge shall Prosecutor,
who may present additional material in support of any count.
The Judge may confirm or dismiss each count o:r may adjourn
the review.
(E) The dismissal of a count in an inclictment shall not
preclude the Prosecutor from subsequently bringing a new
indictment based on the acts underlying that count if
supported by additional evidence.
Rule 48
Joinder of Accused
Persons accused of the same or different crimes committed in
the course of the same transaction may be jointly charged and
tried.
Rule 49
Joinder of Crimes
Two or more crimes may be joined in one indictment if the
series of acts committed together form the same transaction,
and the said crimes were committed by the same accused.
Rule 50
Amendment of Indictment
The Prosecutor may amend an indictment, without leave, at
any time before its confirmation, but thereafter only with leave
of the Judge who confirmed it or, if at trial, with leave of the
Trial Chamber. If leave to amend is granted, the amended
indictment shall be transmitted to the accused and to his
counsel and where necessary the date for trial shall be
postponed to ensure adequate time for the preparation of the
defence.
Rule 51
Withdrawal of Indictment
(A) The Prosecutor may withdraw an indictment, without
leave, at any time before its confirmation, but thereafter only
with leave of the Judge who confirmed it or, if at trial, only
with leave of the trial chamber.
(B) The withdrawal of the indictment shall be promptly
notified to the suspect or the accused and to his counsel.
Rule 52
Public Character of Indictment
Subject to Rule 53, upon confirmation by a Judge of a Trial
Chamber, the indictment shall be made public.
Rule 53
Non-Disclosure of Indictment
(A) When confirming and indictment, the Judge amy, in
consultation with the Posecutor, order that there be no public
disclosure of the indictment until it is served on the accused,
or, in the case of joint accused, on all the accused.
(B) A Judge or Trial Chamber may, in consultation with the
Prosecutor, also order that there be no disclosure of an
indictment, or part thereof, or of all or any part of any
particular ddocument or information, if satisfied that the
making of such an order is required to give effect to a
provision of the Rules, to protect confidential information
obtained by the Prosecutor, or is otherwise in the interests of
justice.
31
Section 2 Orders and Warrants
Rule 54
General Rule
At the request of either party or proprio motu, a Judge or a
Trial Chamber may issue such orders, summonses, subpoenas
and warrants as may be necessary for the purposes of an
investigation or for the preparation or conduct of the trial.
Rule 55
Execution of Arrest Warrants
(A) A warrant of arrest shall be signed by a Judge and shall
bear the seal of the Tribunal. It shall be accompanied by a
copy of the indictment, and a statement of the rights of the
accused. These rights include those set forth in Article 21 of
the Statute, and in Rules 42 and 43 mutatis mutandis, together
with the right of the accused to remain silent, and to be
cautioned that any statement he makes shall be recorded and
may be used in evidence.
(B) A warrant for the arrest of the accused and an order for his
surrender to the Tribunal shall be transmitted by the Registrar
to the national authorities of the State in whose territory or
under whose jurisdiction or control the accused resides, or was
last known to be, together with instructions that at the time of
arrest the indictment and the statement of the rights of the
accused be read to him in a language he understands and that
he be cautioned in that language.
(C) When an arrest warrant issued by the Tribunal is executed,
a member of the Prosecutor's Office may be present as from
the time of arrest.
32
Rule 56
Cooperation of States
The State to which a warrant of arrest is transmitted shall act
promptly and with all due diligence to ensure proper and
effective execution thereof, in accordance with Article 29 of
the Statute.
Rule 57
Procedure after Arrest
Upon the arrest of the accused, the State concerned shall
detain him, and shall promptly notify the Registrar. The
transfer of the accused to the seat of the Tribunal shall be
arranged between the State authorities concerned, the
authorities of the host country and the Registrar.
Rule 58
National Extradition Provisions
The obligations laid down in Article 29 of the Statute shall
prevail over any legal impediment to the surrender or transfer
of the accused to the Tribunal which may exist under the
national law or extradition treaties of the state concerned.
33
Rule 59
Failure to Execute a Warrant
(A) Where the State to which a warrant of arrest has been
transmitted has been unable to execute the warrant, it shall
report forthwith its inability to the Registrar, and the reasons
therefore.
(B) If, within a reasonable time after the warrant of arrest has
been transmitted to the State, no report is made on action
taken, this shall be deemed a failure to execute the warrant of
arrest and the Tribunal, through the President, may notify the
Security Council accordingly.
Rule 60
Advertisement of Indictment
At the request of the Prosecutor, a form of advertisement shall
be transmitted by the Registrar to the national authorities of
any State or States in whose territory the Prosecutor has
reason to believe that the accused may be found, for
publication in newspapers having wide circulation in that
territory, intimating to the accused that service of an
indictment against him is sought.
Rule 61
Procedure in Case of Failure to Execute a Warrant
(A) If a warrant of arrest has not been executed, and personal
service of the indictment has consequently not been effected,
and the Prosecutor satisfies the Judge who confirmed the
indictment that:
(i) he has taken all reasonable steps to effect personal service,
including recourse to the appropriate authorities of the State in
whose territory or under whose jurisdiction and control the
person to be served resides or was last known to him to be;
and
(ii) he has otherwise tried to inform the accused of the
existence of the indictment by seeking publication of
newspaper advertisements pursuant to Rule 60,
the Judge shall order that the indictment be submitted by the
Prosecutor to his Trial Chamber.
(B) Upon obtaining such an order the Prosecutor shall submit
the indictment to the Trial Chamber in open court, together
with all the evidence that was before the Judge who initially
confirmed the indictment. The Prosecutor may also call before
the Trial Chamber and examine any witness whose statement
has been submitted to the confirming Judge.
(C) If the Trial Chamber is satisfied on that evidence, together
with such additional evidence as the Prosecutor may tender,
that there are reasonable grounds for believing that the
accused has committed all or any of the crimes charged in the
indictment, it shall so determine.The Trial C-hamber shall
have the relevant parts of the indictment read out by the
Prosecutor together with an account of the efforts to effect
service referred to in Sub-rule (A) above.
(D) The Trial Chamber shall also issue an international arrest
warrant in respect of the accused which shall be transmitted to
all States. (E) If the Prosecutor satisfies the Trial Chamber that
the failure to effect personal service was due in whole or in
part to a failure or refusal of a State to cooperate with the
Tribunal in accordance with Article 29 of the Statute, the Trial
Chamber shall so certify, in which event the President shall
notify the Security Council.
Rule 62
Initial Appearance of Accused
Upon his transfer to the seat of the Tribunal, the accused shall
be brought before a Trial Chamber without delay, and shall be
formally charged. The Trial Chamber shall:
(i) satisfy itself that the right of the accused to counsel is
respected;
(ii) read or have the indictment read to the accused in a
language he speaks and understands, and satisfy itself that the
accused understands the indictment;
(iii) call upon the accused to enter a plea of guilty or not
guilty; should the accused fail to do so, enter a plea of not
quilty on his behalf;
(iv) in case of a plea of not guilty, instruct the Registrar to set
a date for trial;
(v) in case of a plea of guilty, instruct the Registrar to set a
date for the Pre-sentencinq hearinq;
(vi) instruct the Registrar to set such other dates as
appropriate.
36
Rule 63
Questioninq of Accused
After the initial appearance of the accused the Prosecutor shall
not question him unless his counsel is present and the
questioning is tape-recorded or video-recorded in accordance
with the procedure provided for in Rule 43. The Prosecutor
shall at the beginning of the questioning caution the accused
that he is not obliged to say anything unless he wishes to do so
but that whatever he says may be given in evidence.
Rule 64
Detention on Remand
Upon his transfer to the seat of the Tribunal, the accused shall
be detained in facilities provided by the host country, or by
another country. The President may, on the application of a
party, request modification of the conditions of detention of an
accused.
Rule 65
Provisional Release
(A) Once detained, an accused may not be released except
upon an order of a Trial Chamber.
(B) Release may be ordered by a Trial Chamber only in
exceptional circumstances, after hearing the host country and
only if it is satisfied that the accused will appear for trial and,
if released, will not pose a danger to any victim, witness or
other person.
37
(C) The Trial Chamber may impose such conditions upon the
release of the accused as it may determine appropriate,
including the execution of a bail bond and the observance of
such conditions as are necessary to ensure his presence for
trial and the protection of others.
(D) If necessary, the Trial Chamber may issue a warrant of
arrest to secure the presence of an accused who has been
released or is for any other reason at liberty.
38
Section 3 Production of Evidence
Rule 66
Disclosure by the Prosecutor
(A) The Prosecutor shall make available to the defence, as
soon as practicable after the initial appearance of the accused,
copies of the supporting material which accompanied the
indictment when confirmation was sought as well as all prlor
statements obtained by the Prosecutor from the accused or
from prosecution witnesses.
(B) The Prosecutor shall on request, subject to Sub-rule (C),
permit the defence to inspect any books, documents,
photographs and tangible objects in his custody or control,
which are material to the preparation of the defence, or are
intended for use by the Prosecutor as evidence at trial or were
obtained from or belonged to the accused.
(C) Where information is in the possession of the Prosecutor,
the disclosure of which may prejudice further or ongoing
investigations, or for any other reasons may be contrary to the
public interest or affect the security interests of any State, the
Prosecutor may apply to the Trial Chamber sitting in camera
to be relieved from the obligation to disclose pursuant to Sub-
rule (B). When making such application the Prosecutor shall
provide the Trial Chamber (but only the Trial Chamber) with
the information that is sought to be kept confidential.
39
Rule 67
Reciprocal Disclosure
(A) As early as reasonably practicable and in any event prior
to the commencement of the trial:
(i) the Prosecutor shall notify the defence of the names of the
witnesses that he intends to call in proof of the guilt of the
accused and in rebuttal of any defence plea of which the
Prosecutor has received notice in accordance with Sub-rule (ii)
below;
(ii) the defence shall notify the Prosecutor of its intent to offer:
(a) the defence of alibi; in which case the notification shall
specify the place or places at which the accused claims to have
been present at the time of the alleged crime and the names
and addresses of witnesses and any other evidence upon which
the accused intends to rely to establish the alibi;
(b) any special defence, including that of diminished or lack of
mental responsibility; in which case the notification shall
specify the names and addresses of witnesses and any other
evidence upon which the accused intends to rely to establish
the special defence.
(B) Failure of the defence to provide notice under this Rule
shall not limit the right of the accused to testify on the above
defences.
4 n
(C) If the defence makes a request pursuant to Sub-rule 66(B),
the Prosecutor shall be entitled to inspect any books,
documents, photographs and tangible objects, which are
within the custody or control of the defence and which it
intends to use as evidence at the trial.
(D) If either party discovers additional evidence or material
which should have been produced earlier pursuant to the
Rules, that party shall promptly notify the other party and the
Trial Chamber of the existence of the additional evidence or
material.
Rule 68
Disclosure of Exculpatory Evidence
The Prosecutor shall, as soon as practicable, disclose to the
defence the existence of evidence known to the Prosecutor
which in any way tends to suggest the innocence or mitigate
the guilt of the accused or may affect the credibility of
prosecution evidence.
Rule 69
Protection of Victims and Witnesse5
(A) In exceptional circumstances, the Prosecutor may apply to
a Trial Chamber to order the non-disclosure of the identity of
a victim or witness who may be in danger or at risk until such
person is brought under the protection of the Tribunal.
41
(B) Subject to Rule 75, the identity of the victim or witness
shall be disclosed in sufficient time prior to the trial to allow
adequate time for preparation of the defence.
Rule 70
Matters not Subject to Disclosure
(A) Notwithstanding the provisions of Rules 66 and 67,
reports, memoranda, or other internal documents prepared by
a party, its assistants or representatives in connection with the
investigation or preparation of the case, are not subject to
disclosure or notification under those Rules.
(B) If the Prosecutor is in possession of information which has
been provided to him on a confidential basis and which has
been used solely for the purpose of generating new evidence,
that initial information and its origin shall not be disclosed by
the Prosecutor without the consent of the person or entity
providing the initial information and shall in any event not be
given in evidence without prior disclosure to the accused.
Section 4 Depositions
Rule 71
Depositions
(A) At the request of either party, a Trial Chamber may, in
exceptional circumstances and in the interests of justice, order
that a deposition be taken for use at trial, and appoint, for that
purpose, a Presiding Officer.
(B) The motion for the taking of a deposition shall be in
writing and shall indicate the name and whereabouts of the
person whose deposition is sought, the date and place at which
the deposition is to be taken, a statement of the matters on
which the person is to be examined, and of the exceptional
circumstances justifying the taking of the deposition.
(C) If the motion is granted, the party at whose request the
deposition is to be taken shall give reasonable notice to the
other party, who shall have the right to attend the taking of the
deposition and cross-examine the person whose deposition is
being taken.
(D) Deposition evidence may also be given by means of a
video- conference.
(E) The Presiding Officer shall ensure that the deposition is
taken in accordance with the Rules and that a record is made
of the deposition, including cross-examination and objections
raised by either party for decision by the Trial Chamber. He
shall transmit the record to the Trial Chamber.
Section 5 Preliminary Motions
Rule 72
General Provisions
(A) After the initial appearance of
may move before a Trial Chamber
ruling. Such motions may be
discretion of the Trial Chamber.
(B) The Trial Chamber shall
limine li tis and without
case of dismissal of
jurisdiction.
the accused, either party
for appropriate relief or
written or oral, at the
dispose of preliminary motions in
interlocutory appeal, save in the
an objection based on lack of
Rule 73
Preliminary Motions by Accused
(A) Preliminary motions by the accused shall include:
(i) objections based on lack of jurisdiction;
(ii) objections based on defects in the form of the indictment;
(iii) applications for
from the accused
(iv) applications for
indictment under
the exclusion of evidence obtained
or having belonged to him;
severance of crimes joined in one
Rule 49, or for separate trials
under Sub-rule 82(B);
(v) objections based on the denial of request for assignment of
counsel.
44
(B) Any of the motions by the accused referred to in Sub-rule
(A) shall be brought within sixty days after his initial
appearance, and in any case before the hearing on the merits.
(C) Failure to apply within the time-limit prescribed shall
constitute a waiver of the right. Upon a showing of good
cause, the Trial Chamber may grant relief from the waiver.
45
Part Six
PROCEEDINGS BEFORE TRIAL CHAMBERS
Section 1 General Provisions
Rule 74
Amicus Curiae
A Chamber may, if it considers it desirable for the proper
determination of the case, invite or grant leave to a State,
organization or person to appear before it and make
submissions on any issue specified by the Chamber.
Rule 75
Measures for the Protection of Victims and Witnesses
(A) A Judge or a Chamber may, proprio motu or at the request
of either party, or of the victim or witness concerned, order
appropriate measures for the privacy and protection of victims
and witnesses, provided that the measures are consistent with
the rights of the accused.
(B) A Chamber may hold an in camera proceeding to
determine whether to order
(i) measures to prevent disclosure to the public or the media of
the identity or whereabouts of a victim or a witness, or of
persons related to or associated with him by such means as:
(a) expunging names and identifying information from the
Chamber's public records;
(b) non-disclosure to the public of any records identifying the
victim;
(c) giving of testimony through image- or voice- altering
devices or closed circuit television; and
(d) assignment of a pseudonym;
(ii) closed sessions, in accordance with Rule 79;
(iii) appropriate measures to facilitate the testimony of
vulnerable victims and witnesses, such as one-way closed
circuit television.
(C) A Chamber shall, whenever necessary, control the manner
of questioning to avoid any harassment or intimidation.
Rule 76
Solemn Declaration by Interpreters and Translators
Before performing any duties, an interpreter or a translator
shall solemnly declare to do so faithfully, independently,
impartially and with full respect for the duty of
confidentiality.
Rule 77
Contempt of the Tribunal
(A) Subject to the provisions of Sub-rule 90(E), a witness who
refuses or fails contumaciously to answer a question relevant
to the issue before a Chamber may be found in contempt of
the Tribunal. The Chamber may impose a fine not exceeding
US$10,000 or a term of imprisonment not exceeding six
months.
(B) The Chamber may, however, relieve the witness of the
duty to answer, for reasons whlch lt deems approprlate.
(C) Any person who attempts to interfere with or intimidate a
witness may be found guilty of contempt and sentenced in
accordance with Sub-rule (A).
(D) Any judgement rendered under this Rule shall be subject
to appeal.
(E) Payment of a fine shall be made to the Registrar to be held
in a separate account.
Rule 78
Open Sessions
A11 proceedings before a Trial Chamber, other than
deliberations of the Chamber, shall be held in public, unless
otherwise provided.
Rule 79
Closed Sessions
(A) The Trial Chamber may order that the press and the public
be excluded from all or part of the proceedings for reasons of:
(i) public order or morality;
(ii) safety, security or non-disclosure of the identity of a
victim or witness as provided in Rule 75; or
(iii) the protection of the interests of justice.
(B) The Trial Chamber shall make public the reasons for its
order.
Rule 80
Control of Proceedings
(A) The Trial Chamber may exclude a person from the
courtroom in order to protect the right of the accused to a fair
and public trial, or to maintain the dignity and decorum of the
proceedings.
(B) The Trial Chamber may order the removal of an accused
from the courtroom and continue the proceedings in his
absence if he has persisted in disruptive conduct following a
warning that he may be removed.
Rule 81
Records of Proceedings and Evidence
(A) The Registrar shall cause to be made and preserve a full
and accurate record of all proceedings, including audio
recordings, transcripts and, when deemed necessary by the
Trial Chamber, video recordings.
(B) The Trial Chamber may order the disclosure of all or part
of the record of closed proceedings when the reasons for
ordering its non-disclosure no longer exist.
(C) The Registrar shall retain and preserve all physical
evidence offered during the proceedings.
(D) Photography, video-recording or audio-recording of the
trial, otherwise than by the Registry, may be authorised at the
discretion of the Trial Chamber.
Section 2 Case Presentation
Rule 82
Joint and Separate Trials
(A) In joint trials, each accused shall be accorded the same
rights as if he were being tried separately.
(B) The Trial Chamber may order that persons accused jointly
under Rule 48 be tried separately if it considers it necessary in
order to avoid a conflict of interests that might cause serious
prejudice to an accused, or to protect the interests of justice.
Rule 83
Instruments of Restraint
Instruments of restraint, such as handcuffs, shall not be used
except as a precaution against escape during transfer or for
security reasons, and shall be removed when the accused
appears before a Chamber.
Rule 84
Opening Statements
Before presentation of evidence by the Prosecutor, each party
may make an opening statement. The defence may however
elect to make its statement after the prosecution has concluded
his presentation of evidence and before the presentation of
evidence for the defence.
Rule 85
Presentation of Evidence
(A) Each party is entitled to call witnesses and present
evidence. Unless otherwise directed by the Trial Chamber in
the interests of justice, evidence at the trial shall be presented
in the following sequence:
(i) evidence for the prosecution;
(ii) evidence for the defence;
(iii) prosecution evidence in rebuttal;
(iv) defence evidence in rejoinder;
(v) evidence ordered by the Trial Chamber pursuant to Rule
98.
(B) Examination-in-chief, cross-examination and re-
examination shall be allowed in each case. It shall be for the
party calling a witness to examine him in chief, but a Judge
may at any stage put any question to the witness.
(C) The accused may, if he so desires, appear as a witness in
his own defence.
Rule 86
Closing Arguments
After the presentation of all the evidence, the Prosecutor may
present an initial argument, to which the defence may reply.
The Prosecutor may, if he wishes, present a rebuttal argument,
to which the defence may present a rejoinder. Rule 87
Deliberation+
(A) When both parties have completed their presentation of
the case, the Presiding Judge shall declare the hearing closed,
and the Trial Chamber shall deliberate in private. finding of
guilt may be reached only when a majority of the Trial
Chamber is satisfied that guilt has been proved beyond
reasonable doubt.
(B) The Trial Chamber shall vote separately on each charge
contained in the indictment. If two or more accused are tried
together under Rule 48, separate findings shall be made as to
each accused.
Rule 88
Judgement
(A) The judgement shall be pronounced in public, on a date of
which notice shall have been given to the parties and counsel
and at which they shall be entitled to be present.
(B) If the Trial Chamber finds the accused guilty of a crime
and concludes from the evidence that unlawful taking of
property by the accused was associated with it, it shall make a
specific finding to that effect in its judgement. The Trial
Chamber may order restitution as provided in Rule 105
(C) The judgement shall be rendered by a majority of the
Judges. It shall be accompanied or followed as soon as
possible by a reasoned opinion in writing, to which separate or
dissenting opinions may be appended.
53
Section 3 Rules of Evidence
Rule 89
General Provisions
(A) The rules of evidence set forth in this Section shall govern
the proceedings before the Chambers. The Chambers shall not
be bound by national rules of evidence.
(B) In cases not otherwise provided for in this Section, a
Chamber shall apply rules of evidence which will best favour
a fair determination of the matter before it and are consonant
with the spirit of the Statute and the general principles of law.
(C) A Chamber may admit any relevant evidence which it
deems to have probative value.
(D) A Chamber may exclude evidence if its probative value is
substantially outweighed by the need to ensure a fair trial.
(E) A Chamber may request verification of the authenticity of
evidence obtained out of court.
Rule 90
Testimony of Witnesses
(A) Witnesses shall, in principle, be heard directly by the
Chambers unless a Chamber has ordered that the witness be
heard by means of a deposition as provided for in Rule 71.
(B) Every witness shall, before giving evidence, make the
following solemn declaration: "I solemnly declare that I will
speak the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth".
(C) A child who, in the opinion of the Chamber, does not
understand the nature of a solemn declaration, may be
permitted to testify without that formality, if the Chamber is of
the opinion that he is sufficiently mature to be able to report
the facts of which he had knowledge and that he understands
the duty to tell the truth. A judgement, however, cannot be
based on such testimony alone.
(D) A witness, other than an expert, who has not yet testified
shall not be present when the testimony of another witness is
given. However, a witness who has heard the testimony of
another witness shall not for that reason alone be disqualified
from testifying.
(E) A witness may object to making any statement which
might tend to incriminate him. The Chamber may, however,
compel the witness to answer the question. Testimony
compelled in this way shall not be used as evidence in a
subsequent prosecution against the witness for any offence
other than per]ury.
Rule 91
False Testimony under Solemn Declaration
(A) A Chamber, on its own initiative or at the request of a
party, may warn a witness of the duty to tell the truth and the
consequences that may result from a failure to do so.
55
(B) If a Chamber has strong grounds for believing that a
witness has knowingly and wilfully given false testimony, it
may direct the Prosecutor to investigate the matter with a view
to the preparation and submission of an indictment for false
testimony.
(C) The rules of procedure and evidence in Parts Four to Eight
shall apply mutatis mutandis to proceedings under this Rule.
(D) No Judge who sat as a memher of the Trial Chamber
before which the witness appeared shall sit for the trial of the
witness for false testimony.
(E) The maximum penalty for false testimony under solemn
declaration shall be a fine of US$10,000 or a term of
imprisonment of twelve months, or both. The payment of any
fine imposed shall be made to the Registrar to be held in the
account referred to in Sub-rule 77(E).
Rule 92
Confessions
A confession by the accused given during questioning by the
Prosecutor shall, provided the requirements of Rule 63 were
strictly complied with, be presumed to have been free and
voluntary unless the contrary is proved.
56
Rule 93
Evidence of Consistent Pattern of Conduct
(A) Evidence of
admissible in
(B) Acts tending
disclosed by
Rule 66.
a consistent pattern of conduct may
the interests of justice.
to show such a pattern of conduct shall
the Prosecutor to the defence pursuant
Rule 94
Judicial Notice
be
to
A Trial Chamber shall not require proof of facts of common
knowledge but shall take judicial notice thereof.
Rule 95
Evidence Obtained by Means Contrary to Internationally
Protected Human Rights
No evidence shall be admissible if obtained by methods which
cast substantial doubt on its reliability or if its admission is
antithetical to, and would seriously damage, the integrity of
the proceedinqs.
57
Rule 96
Evidence in Cases of Sexual Assault
In cases of sexual assault:
(i) no corroboration of the victim's testimony shall be
required;
(ii) consent shall not be allowed as a defence if the
t i m
(a) has been subjected to or threatened with or has had reason
to fear violence, duress, detention or psychological
oppression, or
(b) reasonably believed that if the victim did not submit,
another might be so threatened or put in fear;
subjected,
(iii) before evidence of the victim's consent is admitted, the
accused shall satisfy the Trial Chamber in camera that the
evidence is relevant and credible;
(iv) prior sexual conduct of the victim shall not admitted in
evidence.
Rule 97
Lawyer-Client Privilege
All communications between lawyer and client shall be
regarded as privileged, and consequently not subject to
disclosure at trial. unless:
(i) the client consents to such disclosure; or
(ii) the client has voluntarily disclosed the content of the
communication to a third party, and that third party then gives
evidence of that disclosure.
Rule 98
Power of Chambers to Order Production of Additional
Evidence
A Trial Chamber may order either party to produce additional
evidence. It may itself summon witnesses and order their
attendance.
Section 4 Sentencing Procedure
Rule 99
Status of the Acquitted Person
(A) In case of acquittal, the accused shall be released
immediately.
(B) If, at the time the judgement is pronounced, the Prosecutor
advises the Trial Chamber in open court of his intention to file
notice of appeal pursuant to Rule 108, the Trial Chamber may,
at the request of the Prosecutor, issue a warrant for the arrest
of the accused to take effect immediately.
Rule 100
Pre-sentencing Procedure
If a Trial Chamber finds the accused guilty of a crime, the
Prosecutor and the defence may submit any relevant
information that may assist the Trial Chamber in determining
an appropriate sentence.
Rule 101
Penalties
(A) A convicted person may be sentenced to imprisonment for
a term up to and including the remainder of his life.
60
(B) In determining the sentence, the Trial Chamber shall take
into account the factors mentioned in Article 24(2) of the
Statute, as well as such factors as:
(i) any aggravating circumstances;
(ii) any mitigating circumstances including the substantial
cooperation with the Prosecutor by the convicted person
before or after conviction;
(iii) the general practice regarding prison sentences in the
courts of the former Yugoslavia;
(iv) the extent to which any penalty imposed by a court of any
State on the convicted person for the same act has already
been served, as referred to in Article 10(3) of the Statute.
(C) The Trial Chamber shall indicate whether multiple
sentences shall be served consecutively or concurrently.
(D) The sentence
shall be pronounced in public and in the presence of the
convicted person, subject to Sub-rule 102(B).
(E) Credit shall
be given to the convicted person for the period, if any,
during which the convicted person was
detained in custody pending his surrender to the Tribunal or
pending trial or appeal.
Rule 102
Status of the Convicted Person
(A) The sentence shall begin to run from the day it is
pronounced under Sub-rule lOl(D). However, as soon as
notice of appeal is given, the enforcement of the judgement
shall thereupon be stayed until the decision on the appeal has
been delivered, the convicted person meanwhile remaining in
detention, as provided in Rule 64.
(B) If, by a previous decision of the Trial Chamber, the
convicted person has been released, or is for any other reason
at liberty, and he is not present when the judgement is
pronounced, the Trial Chamber shall issue a warrant for his
arrest. On arrest, he shall be notified of the conviction and
sentence, and the procedure provided in Rule 103 shall be
followed.
Rule 103
Place of Imprisonment
(A) Imprisonment shall be served in a State designated by the
Tribunal from a list of States which have indicated their
willingness to accept convicted persons.
(B) Transfer of the convicted person to that State shall be
effected as soon as possible after the time-limit for appeal has
elapsed.
Rule 104
Supervision of Imprisonment
All sentences of imprisonment shall be supervised by the
Tribunal or a body designated by it.
Rule 105
Restitution of Property
(A) After a judgement of conviction containing a specific
finding as provided in Sub-rule 88(B), the Trial Chamber
shall, at the request of the Prosecutor, or may, at its own
initiative, hold a special hearing to determine the matter of the
restitution of the property or the proceeds thereof, and may in
the meantime order such provisional measures for the
preservation and protection of the property or proceeds as it
considers appropriate.
(B) The determination may extend to such property or its
proceeds, even in the hands of third parties not otherwise
connected with the crime of which the convicted person has
been found guilty.
(C) Such third parties shall be summoned before the Trial
Chamber and be given an opportunity to justify their claim to
the property or its proceeds.
(D) Should the Trial Chamber be able to determine the rightful
owner on the balance of probabilities, it shall order the
restitution either of the property or the proceeds or make such
other order as it may deem appropriate.
(E) Should the Trial Chamber not be able to determine
ownership, it shall notify the competent national authorities
and request them so to determine.
(F) Upon notice from the national authorities that an
affirmative determination has been made, the Trial Chamber
shall order the restitution either of the property or the proceeds
or make such other order as it may deem appropriate.
(G) The Registrar shall transmit to the competent national
authorities any summonses, orders and requests issued by a
Trial Chamber pursuant to Sub-rules (C),(D),(E) and (F).
Rule 106
Compensation to Victims
(A) The Registrar shall transmit to the competent authorities
of the States concerned the judgement finding the accused
guilty of a crime which has caused injury to a victim.
(B) Pursuant to the relevant national legislation, a victim or
persons claiming through him may bring an action in a
national court or other competent body to obtain
compensation.
(C) For the purposes of a claim made under Sub-rule (B) the
judgement of the Tribunal shall be final and binding as to the
criminal responsibility of the convicted person for such injury.
Part Seven
APPELLATE PROCEEDINGS
Rule 107
General Provisions
The rules of procedure and evidence that govern proceedings
in the Trial Chambers shall apply mutatis mutandis to
proceedings in the Appeals Chamber.
Rule 108
Notice of Appeal
(A) Subject to Sub-rule (B), a party seeking to appeal a
judgement or sentence shall, not more than thirty days from
the date on which the judgement or sentence was pronounced,
file with the Registrar and serve upon the other parties a
written notice of appeal, setting forth the grounds.
(B) Such delay shall be fixed at fifteen days in case of an
appeal from a judgement dismissing an objection based on
lack of jurisdiction or a decision rendered under Rule 77 or
Rule 91.
Rule 109
Record on Appeal
(A) The record on appeal shall consist of the parts of the trial
record, as certified by the Registrar, designated by the parties.
65
(B) The parties, within thirty days of the certification of the
trial record by the Registrar, may by agreement designate the
parts of that record which, in their opinion, necessary for the
decision on the appeal.
are
(C) Should the parties fail so to agree within that time, the
Appellant and the Respondent shall each designate to the
Registrar, within sixty days of the certification, the parts of the
trial record which he considers necessary for the decision on
the appeal.
(D) The Appeals Chamber shall remain free to call for the
whole of the trial record.
Rule 110
Copies of Record
The Registrar shall make a sufficient number of copies of the
record on appeal for the use of the Judges of the Appeals
Chamber and of the parties.
Rule 111
Appellant's Brief
An Appellant's brief of argument and authorities shall be
served on the other party and filed with the Registrar within
ninety days of the certification of the record.
Rule 112
Respondent's Brief
A Respondent's brief of argument and authorities shall be
served on the other party and filed with the Registrar within
thirty days of the filing of the Appellant's brief.
Rule 113
Brief in Reply
An Appellant may file a brief in reply within fifteen days
after the filing of the Respondent's brief.
Rule 114
Date of Hearing
After the expiry of the time-limits for filing the briefs
provided for in Rules 111, 112 and 113, the Appeals Chamber
shall set the date for the hearing and the Registrar shall notify
the parties.
Rule 115
Additional Evidence
(A) A party may apply by motion to present before the
Appeals Chamber additional evidence which was not available
to it at the trial. Such motion
must be served on the other
party and filed with the Registrar not less than fifteen days
before the date of the hearing.
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(B) The Appeals Chamber shall authorise the presentation of
such evldence if it considers that the interests of justice so
requlre.
Rule 116
Extension of Time-Limits
The Appeals Chamber may grant a motion to extend a time-
limit upon a showing of good cause.
Rule 116 bis
Expedited Appeals Procedure
(A) An appeal under Sub-rule 108(B) shall be heard
expeditiously on the basis of the original record of the Trial
Chamber and without the necessity of any written brief.
(B) All delays and other procedural requirements shall be
fixed by an order of the President issued on an application by
one of the parties, or proprio moto should no such application
have been made within fifteen days after the filing of the
notice of appeal.
(C) Rules 109 to 114 shall not apply to such appeals.
Rule 117
Judgement on Appeal
(A) The Appeals Chamber shall pronounce judgement on the
basis of the record on appeal together with such additional
evidence as has been presented to it.
(B) The judgement shall be rendered by a majority of the
Judges. It shall be accompanied or followed as soon as
possible by a reasoned opinion in writing, to which separate or
dissenting opinions may be appended.
(C) In appropriate circumstances the Appeals Chamber may
order that the accused be re-tried accordinq to law.
(D) The judgement shall be pronounced in public, on a date of
which notice shall have been given to the parties and counsel
and at which they shall be entitled to be present.
Rule 118
Status of the Accused Following Appeal
(A) A sentence pronounced by the Appeals Chamber shall be
enforced immediately.
(B) Where the accused is not present when the judgement is
due to be delivered, either as having been acquitted on all
charges or as a result of an order issued pursuant to Rule 65,
or for any other reason, the Appeals Chamber may deliver its
judgement in the absence of the accused and shall, unless it
pronounces his acquittal, order his arrest or surrender to the
Tribunal.
Part Eight
REVIEW PROCEEDINGS
Rule 119
Request for Review
Where a new fact has been discovered which was not known
to the moving party at the time of the proceedings before a
Trial Chamber or the Appeals Chamber, and could not have
been discovered through the exercise of due diligence, the
defence or, within one year after the final judgement has been
pronounced, the Prosecutor, may make a motion to that
Chamber for review of the judgement.
Rule 120
Preliminary Examination
If a majority of Judges of the Chamber that pronounced the
judgement agree that the new fact, if proved, could have been
a decisive factor in reaching a decision, the Chamber shall
review the judgement, and pronounce a further judgement
after hearing the parties.
Rule 121
Appeals
The judgement of a Trial Chamber on review may be appealed
in accordance with the provisions of Part Seven.
Rule 122
Return of Case to Trial Chamber
If the judgement to be reviewed is under appeal at the time the
motion for review is filed, the Appeals Chamber may return
the case to the Trial Chamber for disposition of the motion.
Part Nine
PARDON AND COMMUTATION OF SENTENCE
Rule 123
Notification by States
If, according to the law of the State in which a convicted
person is imprisoned, he is eligible for pardon or commutation
of sentence, the State shall, in accordance with Article 28 of
the Statute, notify the Tribunal of such eligibility.
Rule 124
Determination by the President
The President shall, upon such notice, determine, in
consultation with the Judges, whether pardon or commutation
is appropriate.
Rule 125
General Standards for Granting Pardon or Commutation
In determining whether pardon or commutation is appropriate,
the President shall take into account, inter alia, the gravity of
the crime or crimes for which the prisoner was convicted, the
treatment of similarly-situated prisoners, the prisoner's
demonstration of rehabilitation, as well as any substantial
cooperation of the prisoner with the Prosecutor.
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