JUNE 4
The secretive witness P stepped down after more than two days of questioning. It is believed that the witness, who testified behind closed doors, is a Serb turncoat. It is known that the witness is scared, that he testified against the Serb military but did not directly implicate Dusko Tadic.

The next witness was Osman Selak, a former colonel in the Yugoslav National Army. Selak, a Muslim, began providing an inside look at the army under questioning by Col. Brenda Hollis. Hollis seems to be the prosecution's inquisitor on military issues.

Selak was asked primarily about two issues.

First, Selak testified about uniforms. His responsibilities included supplying them to troops. He described the various JNA uniforms and their insignias. In times of war after 1991, they were to wear new camouflage uniforms. He also described how in 1991, Republic of Serbska flags started sprouting up and the Republic's initials began to appear on uniforms. The prosecution will use this testimony to show that the Serbs and the JNA were backing and leading the Bosnian Serbs to prove it was an international conflict.

Selak also began to describe how the JNA slowly disintegrated from an ethnically-diverse force into a Serb-dominated organization intent on forcing out even the most senior Muslim officers.

JUNE 5
Former Yugoslav National Army Colonel Osman Selak offered a high-level account of who was calling the shots and who was firing them.

Selak's direct testimony included the following points:

@ In 1991, Serb leaders were making public disparaging comments about Croats and Muslims and some were saying that the groups were preparing to wipe out the Muslims.

@ In 1991, the Serbs began insisting that the Territorial Defense return all its weapons to the JNA. (The Territorial Defense, also known as the TO, served as a sort of militia made up of retired JNA soldiers or part-timers who used the JNA's discarded weapons. Furthermore, the only units of the TO to continue receiving support in 1991 were the Serb units who were fighting Croats or Muslims.

@ Light Brigades started appearing during the fighting with Croatia, possibly as a precursor to the paramilitary groups.

@ As the JNA forces began pulling out of Croatia and Slovenia all of the weapons and solders were to be pulled out. In fact, Selak said one Bosnian-Croat was tried and convicted for high treason for leaving his unit in Croatia. This is important because when the JNA allegedly pulled out of Bosnia, the prosecution says they left all of their weapons and many high-ranking Serbian solders. This helps show Serbia was backing and controlling the Bosnian Serb army.

@ In 1991, all of the Bosnian Serb JNA member in Serbian were told the return to Bosnia and Selak noticed a huge increase in the number of soldiers in Bosnia.

@ Selak identified Serbs who were leading paramilitary groups. When asked whether the Serb leaders were on active duty, he said all those on active duty were paid by Belgrade.

@ After May 18, 1992, the Republic of Serbka army called itself the VRS and the VJ became the Yugoslav army. Selak said that essentially nothing changed and Belgrade still controlled and paid for both.

@ Selak became the only high-ranking non-Serb in the army until he resigned sometime at the end of May or June of 1992. After he resigned, he became a leader of the non-violent Muslim resistance group.

@ The attack on Kozarac was justified by the Serbs who said the Muslims had sided with the Croats.

@ He finished with the story about how his wife died in a German hospital in 1995 after he was unable to leave the country for two weeks.

During cross-examination, the defense asked Selak to review Dusko Tadic's military records including dated stamps which indicated various time of service and units. The defense seemed to think this might help prove that Tadic could not or would not have been around Omarska at the time of the killings.

JUNE 6
A former colonel in the Yugoslav National Army (JNA) offered testimony about the military's chain of command.

Ludvik Kranjc, a Slovenian and former brigade commander in the army, testified that the paramilitary organizations always were under the direct supervision of the JNA as was the police force in times of war. This testimony may provide the necessary link between Dusko Tadic's activities in the local police force and the JNA.

He also was asked an interesting hypothetical question which clearly related to Tadic: could a man of military age living near Banja Luka who fled from his commune because he did not want to fight against non-Serbs in his area return three to four weeks after the combat operations to become the head of the local commune and a member of the Serb police force?

"I think it is possible," he responded.

So Kranjc became the first witness to specifically put Tadic's alibi in doubt albeit in the form of a hypothetical.

Prosecutor Scott Keegan then sought to undermine the defense's cross-examination of the previous witness, Osman Selak, a former colonel in the Yugoslav National Army, about the recording of military activities. Keegan asked Kranjc whether all military activities were recorded. During May and June 1992 many logistical matters were overlooked, according to the witness.

The tribunal also heard from author and journalist Ed Vulliamy. He wrote the book "Seasons in Hell" about his experiences in Bosnia and now works for The Guardian of London. He interviewed some of the soldiers and witnessed some of the atrocities. He began discussing a convoy where he saw that some people recently had been slaughtered. He testified for less than an hour and will return to the witness stand tomorrow.

JUNE 7
British journalist Edward Vulliamy provided the tribunal with its first look inside the Omarska prison camp.

The judges had heard about the camp, but Vulliamy brought the pictures. He showed them a videotape of his visit to Omarska in 1993, when he was one of the first journalists allowed inside the camp. His reports helped close down the camp. He also showed video from another camp, Trnopolje, and the men there looked even worse than those at Omarska.

The video he showed was startling. Some of the men in it were emaciated, other looked like walking corpses.

Vulliamy, who writes for the Guardian of London and authored "Seasons in Hell" about his experiences in Bosnia, said he and the others with him were allowed only limited access to Omarska, so they only were allowed to see the men eat. The men were forced to run through the camp, then were given one minute to gulp down a meal of watery beans and a piece of bread. Vulliamy said he suspected the meal was staged for the benefit of the visiting journalists because he thought at the time that if the men ate even half that well every day, they wouldn't be as thin as they were.

He also detailed a series of hoops he had to climb through in order to convince the Bosnian Serbs to take him to Omarska in the first place. He said that on the way, his convoy suffered a "surprise attack," supposedly by the Muslims, but he said he believed the Serbs staged it to try and convince the journalists to turn around.

Before discussing Omarksa, the witness testified about a series of encounters he had in the former Yugoslavia in the early 1990s. He detailed the stories of many people who were forced from their homes by the violence, and showed the tribunal videotapes of some of his interviews.

Vulliamy said people who lived in the town of Bijac were forced to move underground and live in the bunkers and tunnels built by the Germans during World War II. One woman living underground told him she survived the war, but that what she faced then was nothing compared to what she faced in the 1990s.

He said he found another village that had been "cleansed" of all Muslims. The refugees were living across the border, where every day they looked at their former homes but were not allowed to see what was happening at the home. He said a Bosnian Serb had taken over the house and was living there, saying he felt fine about doing that because his home in Sarajevo was blown up by a Muslim.

The Shelling of Sarajevo
Vulliamy told the tribunal that he was in Sarajevo when it came under fire in 1993. He said Serbian soldiers showed him their gun positions, and one told him, "the only good Muslim is a dead Muslim."

He said Sarajevo is a city surrounded by mountains, so it was easy prey for snipers. Once, he said, people at a water well (the gas and water had been shut off) were shelled. When he got there about 20 minutes later, he saw "bodies, bits of bodies," all around.

He said the constant shelling of Sarajevo was a way of driving its residents mad because they knew they were vulnerable whenever they went outdoors.

The Camps
The witness then described the destruction he saw on his way to the Prijedor area to visit the Omarska camp. Many communities were destroyed. Others were partially destroyed, with some homes remaining intact. Vulliamy said he was told the intact houses belonged to Serbs or Muslims and Croats who had accepted the "new order."

After his story on Omarska, the camp was closed down almost immediately. Serbian officials insisted that reports about Omarska being a prison camp were wrong and that pictures of the camp were montages.

In addition to the Omarska tape, he showed the tribunal video from Trnopolje. The video showed rail-thin prisoners, standing behind barbed wire. He said one man told him Trnopolje wasn't as bad as Omarska.